案例库 · 战略与领导 · 战略决策 · 1983–1990
这条还没译成中文，下面是英文原文。
Iceland gave each boat a tradable share of the catch and ended the race to fish
In 1990 Iceland made the whole national catch a set of permanent tradable quotas, turning the commons into private ownership
Icelandic Fisheries Ministry
那一手
Iceland's open-access fisheries were heading toward collapse as boats raced to catch fish before others did. The familiar answers were seasons, limits and more policing, which everyone could still game.
Instead, Iceland built an individual transferable quota system. Vessels received permanent shares of the national catch, and those shares could be bought and sold, so the fish became a divisible private asset rather than a free-for-all.
By 1990 the scheme covered almost the whole national catch. Because holding quota is a private right, it became valuable, and owners began to conserve, consolidate and fish more profitably. Biodiversity and economics improved together in herring and capelin, and the design became the world's reference catch-share model.
为什么管用
- A tradable share makes overfishing costly to the person who does it
- Property creates a long-term stake, so owners protect the stock instead of racing it
- A market moves quota to the most efficient boats, raising profitability across the fleet
- The fixed total catch stays set by science, so conservation is not left to individual choices
可以搬走什么
The tragedy of the commons is a missing property right: give each harvester an ownership stake in the resource and it becomes worth conserving, without anyone dictating who fishes
后来呢
The ITQ system produced clear biological and economic gains in herring and capelin and consolidated the fleet, though it took almost two decades for consistent resource rent to appear. Critics note it concentrates quota among larger firms and raises the barrier to new entrants. Iceland added a fishing fee in 2004 to capture part of the resource rent, and the system remains the reference design for rights-based fisheries.
资料来源
- Use of Property Rights in Fisheries Management — An Introduction to Rights-Based Management (with Special Reference to the Icelandic ITQ System)
- Icelandic fisheries: Profitability, resource rent, rent taxation and development
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