Ericsson opened Bluetooth to rivals and it became the default short-range radio.

In the early 1990s Ericsson Mobile in Lund, Sweden started work on a short-range radio that would let a headset talk to a phone without cables; principal design began in 1994 and by 1997 the team had a workable solution. The technology was promising but useless if every vendor used a different link.

Ericsson's answer was to share it: in 1998 Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Nokia and Toshiba formed the Bluetooth Special Interest Group to develop one open specification, with Ericsson contributing the basic radio technology. More than 4,000 companies signed on as members in the first year.

One open spec meant every phone, laptop, earbud and peripheral could interoperate, and the consortium's membership — now over 33,000 companies — kept the standard neutral enough for rivals to trust. Bluetooth became the default short-range radio, displacing proprietary cable and infrared links.

Give the radio to a consortium; own the ecosystem

A multi-vendor SIG made the spec neutral, so competitors trusted it.

Ericsson's headset use case proved the radio before the standard existed.

Rapid membership created network effects: more members meant more interoperable devices.

The consortium managed qualification and trademarks, protecting the name and compatibility.

An originator that convenes rivals into a shared standards body keeps the ecosystem while giving up the format: the spec grows faster than any one vendor, and the founder's expertise stays relevant.

Bluetooth became a permanent fixture of phones, laptops, cars, audio and medical devices, and the SIG grew past 33,000 member companies. The name Ericsson invented survives as the brand of a standard the whole industry owns.